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Hippoglossus stenolepis, the Pacific halibut, is a species of righteye flounder. This very large species of flatfish is native to the North Pacific and is fished by commercial fisheries, sport fishers, and subsistence fishers.

Distribution[edit]

The Pacific halibut is found on the continental shelf of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Fishing for the Pacific halibut is mostly concentrated in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, off the west coast of Canada. Small halibut catches are reported in coastal Washington, Oregon, and California. Pacific halibut is broken up into 10 regularity management areas.

Halibut are demersal, living on or near the bottom of the water and prefer water temperatures ranging from 3 to 8 degrees Celsius (37.4 to 46.4 degrees Fahrenheit). Pacific halibut belong to the family Pleuronectidae. From November to March, mature halibut concentrate annually on spawning grounds along the edge of the continental shelf at depths from 183 to 457 m (600 to 1,499 ft).

Halibut are strong swimmers and are able to migrate long distances. Halibut of all ages and sizes are involved in a predominantly clockwise (northwest to southeast) migration from their settlement areas (western part of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea), reproductive fish also make regular seasonal migrations from more shallow feeding grounds in summer to deeper spawning grounds in winter.^[1]

Characteristics[edit]

Pacific halibut have diamond-shaped bodies. They are more elongated than most flatfishes, the width being about one-third of the length. It has a high arch in the lateral line over the pectoral fin, and a lunate, or crescent-shaped tail, which is different from other flat fishes.^[2] Small scales are embedded in the skin. Halibut have both eyes on their dark upper side. The color on the dark side varies, but tends to assume the coloration of the ocean bottom. The underside is lighter, appearing more like the sky from below. This color adaptation allows halibut to avoid detection by both prey and predator. They are one of the largest flatfish (only surpassed by the closely related Atlantic halibut), and can weigh up to 500 lb (230 kg) and grow to over 8 ft (2.4 m) long.^[3]

Food[edit]

Being strong swimmers, halibut are able to eat a large variety of fishes, including cod, turbot, and pollock, and some invertebrates, such as octopus, crab and shrimp. Sometimes, halibut leave the ocean bottom to feed on pelagic fish, such as salmon, sand lance, and herring, and even seal remains have been found in their stomach.^{[citation needed]}

Life cycle[edit]

Spawning takes place during the winter months, with the peak of activity occurring from December through February. Most spawning takes place off the edge of the continental shelf in deep waters of 600 to 1,500 ft (183 to 457 m). Male halibut become sexually mature at seven to eight years of age, while females attain sexual maturity at eight to 12 years. Females lay 0.5 to 4.0 million eggs annually, depending on the size of the fish.^[4]

Fertilized eggs hatch after about 15 days. Free-floating larvae float for up to six months and can be transported several hundred miles counter-clockwise by North Pacific currents. During the free-floating stage, many changes take place in the young halibut, including the movement of the left eye to the right side of the fish. During this time, the young halibut rise to the surface and are carried to shallower water by prevailing currents. At six months, the halibut has its adult form and is about 1.4 in (3.6 cm) long.^[4] In the shallower water, young halibut then begin life as bottom dwellers. Most young halibut ultimately spend from five to seven years in rich, shallow nursery grounds such as the Bering Sea.

Young halibut are highly migratory and generally migrate in a clockwise direction east and south throughout the Gulf of Alaska. Halibut in older age classes tend to be less migratory, but continue to move predominately on a clockwise direction. Mature fish are also involved in winter spawning migrations towards deeper waters, migrating across several areas in some instances.^[1] Research has indicated small, localized spawning populations may occur in deep waters such as in Chatham Straight in northern Southeast Alaska. However, because of the free-floating nature of larvae and subsequent mixing of juvenile halibut from throughout the Gulf of Alaska, only one genetic stock of halibut is known in the northern Pacific.

Halibut growth rates vary depending on locations and habitat conditions, but females grow faster than males. The oldest recorded female and male were 55 years old. The largest recorded sport-caught halibut was 459 lb (208 kg) near Unalaska, AK, in 1996.^[5]

Length and weight[edit]

As Pacific halibut grow longer, they increase in weight, but the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between total length (L, in inches) and total weight (W, in pounds) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:${\displaystyle W=c{L}^b}$

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species.^[6] A weight-length relationship based on a least-squares fit to data published in 2003 by the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC)^[7] suggests, for Pacific halibut, c = 0.00018872 and b = 3.24.

This relationship predicts a 20-inch (51 cm) Pacific halibut will weigh about 3 lb (1.4 kg), a 36-inch (91 cm) halibut will weigh about 20 lb (9.1 kg), and a 58-inch (150 cm) halibut will weigh about 100 lb (45 kg).

Commercial fishing[edit]

Commercial halibut fishing probably began in 1888 when three sailing ships from New England fished off the coast of Washington.^[5] As the industry grew, company-owned steamers carrying several smaller dories, from which the fishing was actually conducted, dominated the halibut industry. Subsequently, smaller boats of schooner design from 60 to 100 ft (18.3 to 30.5 m) were used by fishermen. These boats carried crews of five to eight and were specifically designed for halibut fishing. Today, many types of boats are used in the halibut industry. Most of the old-style halibut schooners have been replaced by more versatile craft that may also be used in commercial salmon seine, troll, gill net, and crab fisheries.

Halibut gear consists of units of leaded ground line in lengths of 100 fathoms (600 ft; 183 m) referred to as “skates”. Each skate has about 100 hooks attached to it. “Gangens”, or the lines to which the hooks are attached, are either tied to or snapped onto the ground line. A “set” consists of one or more baited skates tied together and laid on the ocean bottom with anchors at each end. Each end has a float line with a buoy attached. Hooks are typically baited with frozen herring, octopus, or other fresh fish. Depending on the fishing ground, depth, time of year, and bait used, a set is pulled two to 20 hours after being fished. Longlines are normally pulled off the ocean floor by a hydraulic puller of some type. The halibut are cleaned soon after being boated and are kept on ice to retain freshness.Homer, Alaska, claims the title of 'Halibut Capital of the World' because of the large volume of both sport and commercial halibut fishing in the area.^[8]

In 2018 the International Pacific Halibut Commission set the catch limit at 2,823.18 tonnes, of which 2,402.25 tonnes was for commercial fisheries and 420.93 tonnes for recreational fisheries.^[9]

Sport fishing[edit]

Sport fishing for halibut in Alaska is a very popular activity; it is a strong fighter and one of the world's largest bony fish with an impressive yield of firm, white flesh.^[2] Over 65% of the effort and harvest occurs in Cook Inlet, southeast Alaska, the Kodiak area, and near the mouth of Deep Creek in the Lower Cook Inlet.

Halibut taken by anglers are generally 15 to 20 lb (6.8 to 9.1 kg) in weight; but fish over 150 lb (68 kg) are regularly caught. The current Alaska state record for a sport-caught halibut is 459 lb (208 kg),^[5] and a fish must weigh at least 250 lb (113 kg) to qualify for the state's trophy fish program. Anglers use stout saltwater gear to harvest halibut. Most anglers prefer to fish with bait, especially herring, but also squid, octopus, cod pieces, or other small bottom fish. To get the bait down to the halibut, it is usually fished on a wire spreader or a sliding-sinker rig with sinker size 4 oz (113 g) to 4 lb (1.81 kg), depending on such factors as depth and current.^[2]

Halibut, along with salmon, provide sustenance for several Pacific Coast native groups. Many of these groups smoke and dry the halibut for winter use. Sportsmen's effort and interest in catching these fish is increasing each year. In southeast Alaska, halibut are second only to king salmon in sport angler preference.^[5] Fishing for Pacific halibut is regulated by the International Pacific Halibut Commission. Members from the United States and Canada meet yearly to review research, check the progress of the commercial fishery, and make regulations for the next fishing season. The management of halibut fishing by this commission is intended to allow a sustainable yield.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abhttp://www.iphc.int/publications/annual/ar2009.pdf
2. ^ ^abcSchultz, Ken. Ken Scultz’s Essentials of Fishing.John Wiley and & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2010. ISBN978-0-470-44431-3, pp. 66-67
3. ^ ^abPacific halibutNOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
4. ^ ^abThe Pacific Halibut: Biology, Fishery and Management IPHC Technical Report No. 40, 1998
5. ^ ^abcdBethers, Mike. Pacific Halibut. Alaska Department of Fish & Game. Read Online Accessed 5/23/2010
6. ^R. O. Anderson and R. M. Neumann, Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices, in Fisheries Techniques, second edition, B.E. Murphy and D.W. Willis, eds., American Fisheries Society, 1996.
7. ^Halibut weight/length chart (Imperial) published by the IHPC 2003Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^Mckibben Jackinsky (6 August 2011). 'Homer touting reputation as halibut 'capital''. Deseret News. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
9. ^'IPHC NEWS RELEASE 2018-05 Revised Pacific Halibut Catch Limits for 2018'. International Pacific Halibut Commission. Retrieved 26 March 2018.

External links[edit]

The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. They are demersal fish living on or near sand, gravel or clay bottoms at depths of between 50 and 2,000 m (160 and 6,560 ft). The halibut is among the largest teleost (bony) fish in the world, and is an endangered species due to a slow rate of growth and previous overfishing.^[1][3] Halibut are strong swimmers and are able to migrate long distances. Dng suite for mac. Halibut size is not age-specific, but rather tends to follow a cycle related to halibut (and therefore food) abundance.

The native habitat of the Atlantic halibut is the temperate and arctic waters of the northern Atlantic, from Labrador and Greenland to Iceland, the Barents Sea and as far south as the Bay of Biscay and Virginia.^[4] It is the largest flatfish in the world,^[5] reaching lengths of up to 4.7 m (15 ft) and weights of 320 kg (710 lb). Its lifespan can reach 50 years.^[4][6]

Description[edit]

The Atlantic halibut is a right-eyed flounder. It is flattened sideways and habitually lies on the left side of its body with both eyes migrating to the right side of its head during development. Its upper surface is a uniformly dark chocolate, olive or slate colour, and can be almost black; the underside is pale. The end of the caudal fin is concave. ^[6] Young fish are paler with more mottled colouration.^[7]

Biology[edit]

Atlantic Halibut have a relatively slow growth rate and late onset of sexual maturity, with males attaining maturity at seven to eight years old, females at 10 to 11 years, and individuals are thought to live up to 50 years. Little is known about their breeding except their spawning is seasonal, although its timing varies somewhat with location. In the eastern Atlantic, spawning occurs chiefly in March, April and May, although may span from January to June. Off the North American coast, however, the spawning season appears to continue through the summer as late as September. After spawning, both sexes migrate northwards in search of food. Young Atlantic halibut individuals feed on crustaceans such as crabs and prawns. These halibut lie motionless and invisible on the sea bed, capturing any fish that pass within reach, although they may also hunt for fish in open water.^[4][7]

Habitat[edit]

This marine fish usually lives on the ocean floor at depths between 50 and 2,000 m (160 and 6,560 ft), but it occasionally comes closer to the surface. The larvae are pelagic, drifting relatively helplessly, but at around 4 cm, they migrate to the bottom. Young between the ages of two and four years live close to the shore, moving into deeper waters as they grow older.^[4][7]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Found in both the eastern and western portions of the North Atlantic. In the western Atlantic, found from southwestern Greenland and Labrador, Canada to Virginia in the USA. They are found in the eastern Atlantic around Iceland, the United Kingdom, and northern Europe to Russia. A map of the Atlantic Halibut's geographic distribution can be found on the Official Website of Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs.^[8]

Role in ecosystem[edit]

The Atlantic halibut occupies a relatively high trophic level in the food chain.

Diet[edit]

The diet of the Atlantic halibut consists mainly of other fish, e.g. cod, haddock, herring, pogge, sand eels and capelin, but it will also eat cephalopods, large crustaceans and other benthos organisms.^[4][6]

Predators[edit]

Atlantic halibut are eaten by seals, and are a staple food of the Greenland shark.^[6]

Commercial fishing of wild Atlantic halibut[edit]

The wild Atlantic halibut was formerly a very important food fish, but due to its slow rate of population growth, it is unable to recover quickly from overfishing, and the fishery has largely collapsed. Consequently, wild fish labelled as 'halibut' are usually one of the other large flatfishes, including Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis. Duplicate email remover.

Farming[edit]

Due to its popularity as a food fish, Atlantic halibut has attracted investment in fish farming. As of 2006, five countries—Canada, Norway, the UK, Iceland and Chile—were engaged in some form of Atlantic halibut aquaculture production.^[9]

Conservation status[edit]

In 1996, the IUCN rated it as Endangered and placed it on its Red List.^[1]

The Atlantic halibut is a US National Marine Fisheries ServiceSpecies of Concern, one of those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).^[10] The American Fisheries Society has classified the species as 'Vulnerable'. In 2010, Greenpeace International added the Atlantic halibut to its seafood red list of 'fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.'^[11]

References[edit]

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file 'Atlantic halibut' under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

1. ^ ^abcSobel, J. (1996). 'Hippoglossus hippoglossus'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1996: e.T10097A3162182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10097A3162182.en. Downloaded on 26 March 2018.
2. ^Nicolas Bailly (2013). Bailly N (ed.). 'Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758)'. FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
3. ^'Top 10 Most Endangered Fish Species'. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
4. ^ ^abcdeRanier Froese; Daniel Pauly, eds. (5 June 2009). 'Hippoglossus hippoglossus'. Fishbase. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
5. ^Chapleau, Francois & Amaoka, Kunio (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. xxx. ISBN0-12-547665-5.
6. ^ ^abcdBigelow, Henry B.; Schroeder, William C. (1953). 'Atlantic halibut'. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service. 53 (74): 249. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
7. ^ ^abcAtlantic halibut Gulf of Maine Research Institute: Fishery Bulletin (February, 2006)
8. ^Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (2014-06-24). 'Atlantic Halibut -'. Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
9. ^'Atlantic Halibut'. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2006-05-31. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
10. ^
11. ^Greenpeace International Seafood Red listArchived April 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

External links[edit]

Atlantic halibut media from ARKive